{"id":1049,"date":"2025-01-03T14:08:33","date_gmt":"2025-01-03T06:08:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/weitai1.globaldeepsea.site\/understanding-catalyst-deactivation-in-water-electrolysis\/"},"modified":"2025-01-09T19:54:31","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T11:54:31","slug":"%d9%81%d9%87%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/%d9%81%d9%87%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Catalyst Deactivation in Water Electrolysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/weitai1.globaldeepsea.site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/mceclip16.png\"><\/p>\n<p data-line=\"4\">\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Key Takeaways\" data-line=\"6\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<ul data-line=\"8\">\n<li data-line=\"8\"><a href=\"http:\/\/weitai1.globaldeepsea.site\/comparison-of-catalyst-coated-membranes-and-their-efficiency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li data-line=\"9\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"http:\/\/weitai1.globaldeepsea.site\/gas-diffusion-electrode-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/a> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li data-line=\"10\">\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"Mechanisms of Electrolyzer Catalyst Deactivation\" data-line=\"12\">\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"Fouling and Surface Blocking\" data-line=\"18\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"19\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u060c \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Catalyst Poisoning\" data-line=\"21\">\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"22\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Thermal Degradation\" data-line=\"24\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"25\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Structural and Morphological Changes\" data-line=\"27\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"28\">\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Site Dissolution and Metal Leaching\" data-line=\"30\">\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"31\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Factors Contributing to Catalyst Deactivation\" data-line=\"33\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"Chemical Influences (e.g., impurities, reaction byproducts)\" data-line=\"36\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"37\">\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645. \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<blockquote data-line=\"39\">\n<p data-line=\"39\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629:<\/strong> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p data-line=\"41\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Structural Properties of Electrolyzer Catalysts\" data-line=\"43\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"44\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p data-line=\"46\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Operational Conditions (e.g., temperature, current density, corrosive environments)\" data-line=\"48\">\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644)<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"49\">\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/p>\n<blockquote data-line=\"51\">\n<p data-line=\"51\"><strong>Tip:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p data-line=\"53\">\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Diagnostic and Characterization Techniques\" data-line=\"55\">\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641<\/h2>\n<p data-line=\"58\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Spectroscopic Methods\" data-line=\"60\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"61\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (XPS) \u0648\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0640 XPS \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Microscopic Analysis\" data-line=\"63\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"64\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (SEM) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 (TEM) \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 (AFM) \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Electrochemical Testing\" data-line=\"66\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"67\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a (CV) \u0648\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (EIS) \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Advanced Analytical Tools for Metal Leaching Detection\" data-line=\"69\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"70\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b (ICP-MS) \u0648\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a (AAS) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Mitigation Strategies for Electrolyzer Catalyst Deactivation\" data-line=\"72\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"Catalyst Material Design and Protective Coatings\" data-line=\"78\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"79\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<blockquote data-line=\"81\">\n<p data-line=\"81\"><strong>Tip:<\/strong> \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3 id=\"Operational Optimization and Control\" data-line=\"83\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"84\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<blockquote data-line=\"86\">\n<p data-line=\"86\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3 id=\"Periodic Regeneration and Cleaning\" data-line=\"88\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"89\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629. \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Development of Corrosion-Resistant Catalysts\" data-line=\"91\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"92\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d. \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<blockquote data-line=\"94\">\n<p data-line=\"94\"><strong>\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr data-line=\"96\">\n<p data-line=\"98\">\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u060c \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"FAQ\" data-line=\"100\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"What is the most common cause of catalyst deactivation in water electrolysis?\" data-line=\"103\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"104\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"How can operators detect early signs of catalyst degradation?\" data-line=\"106\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u061f<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"107\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Are corrosion-resistant catalysts more expensive than conventional ones?\" data-line=\"109\">\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n<p data-line=\"110\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 <a href=\"http:\/\/weitai1.globaldeepsea.site\/comparison-of-catalyst-coated-membranes-and-their-efficiency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[107],"tags":[401],"class_list":["post-1049","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog","tag-electrolyzer-catalyst"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1049","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1049"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1049\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1049"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1049"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cnvetenergy.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1049"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}